Access modifiers define how properties and methods of a class can be accessed. PHP supports public, protected, and private access levels. Public allows access from anywhere, protected allows access within the class and its children, and private restricts access to the class itself. They help ensure proper encapsulation and security in your code. 1. Types […]

A destructor in PHP is a special method defined using __destruct(). It is automatically called when an object is destroyed or the script ends. Destructors are used for cleanup tasks like closing files or database connections. They do not take any parameters. Only one destructor can be defined per class. 1. Basic Destructor Example class […]

A constructor in PHP is a special method called automatically when an object is created. It is defined using __construct() inside a class. Constructors are used to initialize object properties. They can accept parameters and set default values. PHP also supports type declarations in constructors for better data control. 1. Basic Constructor Example class User […]

In PHP, classes and objects are the foundation of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). A class defines the structure (properties and methods), and an object is an instance of that class. 1. Create a Class class Car { public $brand = “Toyota”; // Property public function honk() { // Method return “Beep beep!”; } } 2. Create […]

OOP (Object-Oriented Programming) in PHP is a programming style that allows you to structure your code around objects and classes rather than just functions and logic. It helps you build reusable, modular, and organized applications. 1. Core OOP Concepts in PHP Concept Description Class A blueprint for creating objects (e.g., Car, User) Object An instance […]

PHP Exceptions provide a structured way to handle errors using try, catch, and throw.They prevent the script from crashing by catching and managing unexpected conditions.You can create custom exception classes for application-specific errors.The finally block allows you to run cleanup code regardless of exceptions.PHP also supports global exception handling using set_exception_handler(). 1. Basic Try-Catch Example […]

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight format used to exchange data between the client and server. PHP provides built-in functions like json_encode() to convert PHP arrays/objects to JSON and json_decode() to parse JSON into PHP. This is essential for APIs, AJAX, and file handling. You can also read/write JSON files using file_get_contents() and file_put_contents(). […]

Callback functions in PHP are functions passed as arguments to other functions for flexible execution. They can be regular functions, anonymous functions, or class methods. Commonly used in array functions like array_map() or sorting with usort(). Callbacks allow dynamic and reusable logic. This guide covers syntax, examples, and use cases. 1. What is a Callback […]

PHP filters provide a secure and efficient way to validate and sanitize user input. With functions like filter_var(), filter_input(), and filter_var_array(), you can clean form data, validate emails, numbers, URLs, and more. Filters help prevent common vulnerabilities like XSS and injection attacks. You can also apply filters with custom options and ranges. This guide covers […]

PHP provides built-in functions to manage files on the server. You can use fopen(), fread(), fwrite(), and fclose() to open, read, write, and close files. Use file_exists() to check if a file is present and unlink() to delete it. PHP can also create new files automatically when writing if the file doesn’t exist. File handling […]