An abstract class serves as a blueprint for other classes and cannot be instantiated directly. It may include both abstract methods (no body) and regular methods. Any class that extends an abstract class must implement all of its abstract methods. Abstract classes help enforce a structure and promote code consistency in OOP. 1. Basic Abstract […]

Class constants are fixed values defined using the const keyword inside a class. They are accessed using ClassName::CONSTANT and do not require an object. Constants cannot be changed once defined. Inside the class, use self::CONSTANT or parent::CONSTANT if inherited. They are ideal for configuration values or fixed settings. 1. Basic Example of Class Constant class […]

Inheritance allows one class (child) to inherit methods and properties from another class (parent). It enables code reuse and simplifies code maintenance. PHP uses the extends keyword for inheritance. Child classes can also override parent methods. You can call parent methods using parent::methodName(). 1. Basic Inheritance Example class Animal { public function sound() { return […]

Access modifiers define how properties and methods of a class can be accessed. PHP supports public, protected, and private access levels. Public allows access from anywhere, protected allows access within the class and its children, and private restricts access to the class itself. They help ensure proper encapsulation and security in your code. 1. Types […]

A destructor in PHP is a special method defined using __destruct(). It is automatically called when an object is destroyed or the script ends. Destructors are used for cleanup tasks like closing files or database connections. They do not take any parameters. Only one destructor can be defined per class. 1. Basic Destructor Example class […]

A constructor in PHP is a special method called automatically when an object is created. It is defined using __construct() inside a class. Constructors are used to initialize object properties. They can accept parameters and set default values. PHP also supports type declarations in constructors for better data control. 1. Basic Constructor Example class User […]

In PHP, classes and objects are the foundation of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). A class defines the structure (properties and methods), and an object is an instance of that class. 1. Create a Class class Car { public $brand = “Toyota”; // Property public function honk() { // Method return “Beep beep!”; } } 2. Create […]

OOP (Object-Oriented Programming) in PHP is a programming style that allows you to structure your code around objects and classes rather than just functions and logic. It helps you build reusable, modular, and organized applications. 1. Core OOP Concepts in PHP Concept Description Class A blueprint for creating objects (e.g., Car, User) Object An instance […]

PHP Exceptions provide a structured way to handle errors using try, catch, and throw.They prevent the script from crashing by catching and managing unexpected conditions.You can create custom exception classes for application-specific errors.The finally block allows you to run cleanup code regardless of exceptions.PHP also supports global exception handling using set_exception_handler(). 1. Basic Try-Catch Example […]

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight format used to exchange data between the client and server. PHP provides built-in functions like json_encode() to convert PHP arrays/objects to JSON and json_decode() to parse JSON into PHP. This is essential for APIs, AJAX, and file handling. You can also read/write JSON files using file_get_contents() and file_put_contents(). […]