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Static methods belong to the class itself and can be called without creating an object. They are declared using the static keyword. Inside the class, use self::method() to call them. Static methods are ideal for utility functions and helpers that don’t rely on object properties. They cannot use $this because there’s no instance context. 1. […]

Traits are a way to reuse method code in multiple classes without inheritance. They are defined using the trait keyword and included in a class using use. Traits help overcome PHP’s single inheritance limitation. You can use multiple traits in a class, and resolve method conflicts using insteadof and as. Traits promote clean, reusable OOP […]

An interface is a blueprint that defines required methods without implementing them. A class that implements an interface must define all its methods. Interfaces allow multiple inheritance and help build loosely coupled, scalable systems. All interface methods must be public and cannot have bodies. Interfaces ensure consistency across different classes. 1. Basic Interface Example interface […]

An abstract class serves as a blueprint for other classes and cannot be instantiated directly. It may include both abstract methods (no body) and regular methods. Any class that extends an abstract class must implement all of its abstract methods. Abstract classes help enforce a structure and promote code consistency in OOP. 1. Basic Abstract […]

Class constants are fixed values defined using the const keyword inside a class. They are accessed using ClassName::CONSTANT and do not require an object. Constants cannot be changed once defined. Inside the class, use self::CONSTANT or parent::CONSTANT if inherited. They are ideal for configuration values or fixed settings. 1. Basic Example of Class Constant class […]

Inheritance allows one class (child) to inherit methods and properties from another class (parent). It enables code reuse and simplifies code maintenance. PHP uses the extends keyword for inheritance. Child classes can also override parent methods. You can call parent methods using parent::methodName(). 1. Basic Inheritance Example class Animal { public function sound() { return […]

Access modifiers define how properties and methods of a class can be accessed. PHP supports public, protected, and private access levels. Public allows access from anywhere, protected allows access within the class and its children, and private restricts access to the class itself. They help ensure proper encapsulation and security in your code. 1. Types […]

A destructor in PHP is a special method defined using __destruct(). It is automatically called when an object is destroyed or the script ends. Destructors are used for cleanup tasks like closing files or database connections. They do not take any parameters. Only one destructor can be defined per class. 1. Basic Destructor Example class […]

A constructor in PHP is a special method called automatically when an object is created. It is defined using __construct() inside a class. Constructors are used to initialize object properties. They can accept parameters and set default values. PHP also supports type declarations in constructors for better data control. 1. Basic Constructor Example class User […]

In PHP, classes and objects are the foundation of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). A class defines the structure (properties and methods), and an object is an instance of that class. 1. Create a Class class Car { public $brand = “Toyota”; // Property public function honk() { // Method return “Beep beep!”; } } 2. Create […]